Primary and secondary ice production: interactions and their relative importance

Abstract. A discrepancy of up to 5 orders magnitude between ice crystal and nucleating particle (INP) number concentrations was found in the measurements, indicating potentially important role secondary production (SIP) clouds. However, interactions primary SIP processes their relative importance remain unexplored. In this study, we implemented five different nucleation schemes as well physical representations (i.e., droplet shattering during rain freezing, ice-ice collisional break-up, rime splintering) Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). We ran CESM2 single column mode for model comparisons with DOE Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) observations. that experiments aerosol-aware yield best simulation results M-PACE single-layer mixed-phase further investigated cloud phase Our show contributes 80 % total formation transforms ∼30 pure liquid-phase clouds simulated without considering into The is not only a result crystals produced from nucleation, but also competes by reducing droplets cloud-borne dust INPs. Conversely, strong suppresses glaciating thereby amount precipitation particles (rain graupel).